Water

media type="custom" key="26246546"
 * Key knowledge **


 * ====role of water in maintaining life in the environment====
 * ====unique properties of water: relationship between structure and bonding, and properties and uses including solubility and conductivity.====
 * ====ways in which substances behave in water: the dissociation of soluble ionic solutes; the ionisation of polar molecules such as acids; the separation of non-ionising polar molecules such as ethanol====
 * ====maintaining water quality: solubility, precipitation reactions, pH====
 * ====desalination, including the principles of distillation====

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 * ====acids and bases: proton transfer; common reactions of acids; strong and weak acids and bases; polyprotic acids; amphiprotic substances====
 * ====calculations including mass-mass stoichiometry and concentration and volume of solutions; pH of strong acids and of strong bases====
 * ====redox reactions in aqueous solution including writing balanced equations for oxidation and reduction reactions, for example metal displacement reactions, corrosion of iron====
 * ====application of the principles of green chemistry; for example, replacement of halogenated solvents with supercritical carbon dioxide in industrial processes or in plant crop protection====